Traditional Stovetop Method

1. In a heavy-bottomed saucepan, combine the milk and sugar over medium heat, stirring frequently until the sugar dissolves.
2. Once warm, add the baking soda, reduce heat to low, and continue stirring to prevent clumping.
3. Simmer the mixture for 1.5 to 2 hours, stirring frequently as it thickens and turns a deep golden brown.
4. Once thickened to the desired consistency, remove from heat and stir in vanilla extract (if using).
5. Let cool before transferring to an airtight jar for storage.

Condensed Milk Method (Easiest Way)

1. Place an unopened can of sweetened condensed milk in a large pot, fully submerged in water.
2. Bring the water to a gentle boil, then simmer for 2 to 3 hours, ensuring the can stays underwater.
3. Carefully remove, let cool completely before opening. The result is a smooth, rich dulce de leche.

Oven Method

1. Preheat oven to 425°F (220°C).
2. Pour sweetened condensed milk into a baking dish and cover with foil.
3. Place the dish inside a larger pan filled with hot water (water bath method).
4. Bake for 1.5 to 2 hours, stirring occasionally, until deep golden brown.
5. Remove and let cool before storing.

Instant Pot / Pressure Cooker Method

1. Place an unopened can of sweetened condensed milk in the pressure cooker.
2. Add enough water to cover the can by at least 1 inch.
3. Cook on high pressure for 40 minutes.
4. Allow natural pressure release, then remove and cool before opening.

Vegan Dulce de Leche (Coconut or Almond Milk)

1. In a saucepan, combine coconut milk and coconut sugar over medium heat.
2. Stir frequently and simmer for 30 to 40 minutes until thick and caramelized.
3. Add a pinch of salt and vanilla extract for enhanced flavor.